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Mental Health Budget FAIL

A Swing … and a Miss

I’m disappointed. I’m not surprised, but I’m disappointed. I’m disappointed that in a “mental health package” of 2.2 billion over five years, there is almost nothing aimed at those most in need. In fact I’ll go further: there is absolutely nothing aimed at those most in need, and I’m more than disappointed; while I am remaining calm (because of the lack of surprise, primarily), my feelings about this are pretty much unprintable.

So I’d better stick with my thoughts.

The main thought is quite simple: this will not help. This will not help the most severely ill. This will not help those who do not fall within a particular age band. Thus will not help those who do not have a particular type of disorder.

The bulk of the money (at least of that going into actual clinical service) as I understand is earmarked for the creation of more Headspace, and Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centres (EPPIC). As I have remarked on previously, these services serve only a narrow age band, and the majority of the psychiatrically ill thereby miss out on any increase in resources. Headspace is expressly not set up to treat serious psychiatric illness, so even young people will not be helped by that money if they have a serious illness. EPPIC are aimed, as the name suggests, at psychotic disorders. So young people with a serious but non-psychotic psychiatric illness will not be helped by this extra money.

An abiding characteristic of boutique services like Headspace, and (I admit this is an assumption) EPPIC, is that they are not geared up to treat really acute illness. If someone requires daily input, if they have strong thoughts of suicide or harm to themselves – or others – they will be referred to the acute service of the general mental health service.

People like me.

Working in teams that are chronically under-funded and under-resourced.

Teams that see people of any age, with any disorder, when they are most severely and acutely ill.

Teams that don’t have the luxury of saying no on the basis of age, lack of psychosis – or simply being too sick or too “risky”.

Teams that will see not a red cent from this budget.

Professor Alan Rosen from the Brain Mind Research Institute at Sydney University has written criticising the allocation of this extra funding. He has made similar points, but more gently, and without calling anyone an idiot. So I shall do that:

This. Is. Complete. Idiocy.

There was mention of not putting more money into old systems – that are not working. Fair enough on the face of it. However, allow me to illustrate some of what I face every day. I work in one of the largest and fastest-growing Local Government Areas in the country. It has large amounts of poverty, of alcohol and other drug abuse, and of disability – both medical and psychiatric. Our outpatient psychiatric services however, at half the national average, receive the lowest level of resources, in terms both of dollars and staffing, in the country. If you do that to a service, I can guarantee that no matter your model of service, it will not function well.

We are the ambulance at the bottom of the cliff. And indeed we are the ambulance, despite a huge throng of people milling around at the top and falling off. So unsurprisingly we don’t do as well as we need to. These services like Headspace and EPPIC will contend they are like a fence at the top of the cliff; build a proper fence and you won’t need more ambulances.

Admirable, but bollocks. Actually they just pick out a few of the people farthest away from the cliff and make them a really swish fence – but if they start to get too close to the cliff’s edge, will just tell them to be sure to look for the ambulance at the bottom.

Maybe they’ll call to give the ambulance a heads-up, but that’s about it.

Now I realize that people far more eminent than I (Professor Ian Hickie and Professor Patrick McGorry) have spoken lovingly about this budget and the wondrous things it will do for mental health care in this country. Well … they would, wouldn’t they? Headspace is Prof Hickie’s baby, and EPPIC Prof McGorry’s. Colour me cynical, but I don’t think that’s coincidental.

Severe and Debilitating

Ok, there’s something in the budget for those with severe and debilitating illness. Not acute care though. Look, I don’t take issue with enhancing the recovery care we provide. In fact that’s the whole damn point, but the first step in recovery for many is acute treatment of terrible illness. If you don’t do that right, the rest is most unlikely to succeed; at best it will provide less benefit than it could have.

The stuff about “increasing economic and social participation for people with mental illness” is the same: excellent and necessary, but needs to be able to build on the results of good acute care of serious psychiatric illness. That acute care is under-resources and poorly structured, and this budget will do nothing to change that.

I agree that simply pouring money in is unlikely to give great results. I also agree with Professor Rosen when he notes that:

“… provision of well tested 7 day and night mobile mental health teams, with adaptations for regional populations, has not yet been tried consistently and equitably across this country. One state, Victoria, is an exception, and even the resourcing there is now fraying.

These teams only don’t work where they have never been tried. Or when their resources are withdrawn due to managerial expediency or loss of a clinically informed culture. However, there is little encouragement for public mental health services in this budget, except a pious hope that at the next CoAG meeting, the Commonwealth will be able to convince the states to match this investment.”

The evidence is there, for Assertive Community Treatment teams, for acute care home-based treatment teams, for models of care that would make a very real difference to the lives of those with severe psychiatric illness. This budget commitment is idiotic and superficial, and will do damn-all for the people who really needed more.

Disappointed. Frustrated. Angry.

And really sad.

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Ironic Fail is Ironic

Just this morning, while driving with my medical student between home visits, I was holding forth about the excellent public transport here in Sydney. While most Sydneysiders think it terrible, I would invite them to spend some time in Auckland before condemning Sydney’s public transport.

Anyhoo … irony struck this afternoon, when it appears CityRail lost my train. One minute it was on the electronic board as coming very shortly, the train before it left, and it suddenly was no longer displayed, and the announcement was for the following train, leaving me with a 20 minute wait for the next one that I could catch.

Oh the irony. But forgive me if I don’t chuckle in hearty amusement.

Fail ☠

Oh, and speaking of fail, how about that Vodafone? Shitty network is shitty.

Buy Some White Wine

Something a little different for music Monday today: an exhortation to get thee to iTunes and buy White Wine in the Sun, by Tim Minchin. Tim Minchin is donating the proceeds from sales of this song to a secular charity (while he hasn’t specified which charity, he is awesome and thoughtful, and I feel confident he’ll make a good choice).

So why this topic today? It follows this tweet from Minchin:

Pls RT! From Nov21-Jan1, all proceeds from my version of White Wine in the Sun will go to a secular charity. http://tinyurl.com/whitewine

White Wine in the Sun was included on a Christmas album produced to raise money for the Salvation Army. A number of whackaloons have their collective knickers in a knot about the lyrics of the song, deeming it offensive and referring to it as “a sick joke”.

From memory, herewith some of the offensive lyrics:

I’m not expecting big presents.
The usual combination of socks jocks and chocolates is just fine by me.
‘Cause I’ll be seeing my dad.
My brothers and sisters, my gran and my mum.
They’ll be drinking white wine in the sun.

Bloody hell that’s terrible, right? ;)

What they’re actually worked up about is lines like:

I am hardly religious…

I don’t go in for churches. Some of the songs have nice chords but the lyrics are spooky.

I’m looking forward to Christmas.
Though I’m not expecting a visit from Jesus…

Thin-skinned much? Because Tim Minchin isn’t hiding his atheism, it’s a sick joke that he sings a song about liking Christmas? Come on!

He even comments against the commercialisation of the religious significance:

I have all the usual exceptions
To the commercialisation of an ancient religion
To the westernisation of a dead Palestinian press-ganged into selling playstations
And beer

I’m the same as Minchin on this, and like him I say: “But I still really like it”. 8)

Sometimes You Can’t

Any regular readers – and possibly even casual readers – will have a fair idea of my opinions on the state of psychiatry. If not, a smattering can be found here, a blithering here, and a ranting here.

Because our specialty lacks clear and objective markers or mechanisms of disease, we should have been extra rigorous, extra cautious, extra rational compared to the other specialties. Instead in a bizarre response to the sense of professional inadequacy thus engendered, we have been woolier than any other specialty, thus reinforcing their (and society’s) notions of us, and further increasing our sense of inadequacy. In order to compensate for this professional emptiness we have been all too ready to accept the demands of politicians to deal with anything deemed a problem with “mental health” (a terrible term, not readily explicable). Thus anyone behaving erratically, or trying to harm themselves, is seen as having a “mental health problem” (or grammatically worse, they are sometimes said to “have mental health”, which makes absolutely no sense). They thus enter the purview of psychiatry – since we rebranded ourselves as “mental health services”.

Psychiatry also – exactly like a person with a narcissistic personality disorder – tries to compensate for this sense of inadequacy with grandiosity, overinflating our importance. Hence we get gratifying statistics such as that depression will be the number one cause of disability by 2050 [edit: number one non-infective cause by 2030], or a 47% lifetime prevalence of depression in Australia.

Bovine. Excrement.

If half the population get “it” and it’s not death, then it’s the equivalent of a stubbed toe. I’m not minimising the experience – I’ve had too many literally excruciating stubbed toes for that; there are stubbed toes, and then there are “ohsh1tcrapmuthaf}%rohmygodaaarrrrrrrgggghhhhhhhitsbrokenitmustbebrokenohhell#^^£#|%{>£”. There are degrees of severity, but it’s not a problem for a doctor until you actually break a bone. – And maybe not even then.

What I’m lurching clumsily towards is that some things are, to quote Yoda: “a natural part of life”. So is death, of course (that’s in fact what Yoda was referring to) and we do our best to stop that – but largely by treating actual diseases or (mostly) known risk factors for actual diseases, and by all the public health measures that reduce actual infection with actual bugs hat make you actually get sick and actually die.

In psychiatry we have simply not reached the point at which we can start trying to enhance people’s “mental health”. All we know how to do is treat a few clinical entities that appear pretty clearly to represent some real form of illness – though exactly what’s going on we’re not yet clear. Yet we try. We are asked and begged and pressured from all sides to try.

All too often we cave. We try to treat something that isn’t illness. Then of course the person doesn’t “get better” so they must have a “personality disorder”, right? (Or better yet: “well known patient with personality traits” … Oh bugger me.)

The particular situation that started me on this rant was a discussion at the end of a presentation about depression in schizophrenia (unfortunately I missed the presentation itself). The concept of “post-psychotic depression” is an old one (I think it used to be an actual category in the International Classification of Diseases), and essentially seems to represent existential despair in someone coming to grips with having developed (or relapsed with) a schizophrenia.

Here’s the thing: the evidence for treating this is poor. Antidepressants have not been shown to work, and from what I heard in this discussion, nor has CBT. No surprise to me: why would pills work? It’s perfectly reasonable despair, not disordered brain function. Why would CBT work? How are you going to challenge the thoughts about, y’know, having schizophrenia – when the person actually does?

Despite this however, the presenter advised in the end that we should prescribe antidepressants and CBT for depression in schizophrenia. Wait, what? We’d just heard that they don’t work. Why would we give them?

If there were no potential harm, maybe, but there is potential harm. From both.

The point for me is, simply, that there are things we are (currently?) unable to treat. It is professionally, scientifically, ethically, and personally dishonest to pretend otherwise. If there is something we cannot treat, we need to say so. Not as a rejection, simply as an acknowledgement that we don’t know everything (by a long shot) and can’t treat everything (by a shot at least as long).

It’s hard to resist the distress of the person in front of you, and the insistence from all levels of society that you “fix” this person/their problems, but every single time one of us pretends we can treat something we can’t, we drag our profession further into the muck. We need to stop it.

We need to develop the capacity to say “I’m sorry, I can’t help with that”.

Opposition and Defiance: a Disorder?

Yesterday Monicks posted a post to her blog at Monicks.net ;) This post was about the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and followed on from another blog post positing that this diagnostic category was potentially dangerous, as it could include free thinkers. The author of that post tried to draw a comparison with the former Soviet Union, and the diagnosis (not explicitly named in the post) of “sluggish schizophrenia”, the primary manifestation of which was said to be disagreement with the State. That was a terrible state of affairs and a dark chapter in psychiatry’s history, but the comparison draws a very long bow.

I will say, before embarking on what might be at least a partial defence of the category (but probably won’t be), that it is one of “our” diagnoses that causes me some concern – as a psychiatrist and also as a parent.

ODD is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association as one of the disorders usually first apparent in childhood/adolescence. It refers to “a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behaviour toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months…”. I can see why people would be concerned about the sound of that. A key word for me in that sentence though is “negatavistic”. This doesn’t simply mean being argumentative; negativism is an automatic refusal/defiance/doing the opposite. It’s not about rational disagreement. That’s the essential thing.

That’s “Criterion A”, which is broken down into various behaviours, at least four of which must be manifest for a diagnosis of ODD:

losing temper (Criterion A1), arguing with adults (Criterion A2), actively defying or refusing to comply with the requests or rules of adults (Criterion A3), deliberately doing things that will annoy other people (Criterion A4), blaming others for his or her own mistakes or misbehavior (Criterion A5), being touchy or easily annoyed by others (Criterion A6), being angry and resentful (Criterion A7), or being spiteful or vindictive (Criterion A8)

Crieterion B says that it must be more frequent than you would normally see given the child’s age and developmental stage; it’s quite appropriate for a two year old to respond to just about anything with “no!” If a 10 year old does so (unless they’re being told stupid stuff all the time) there might be a problem of some sort. If a 15 year old does it it’s probably normal again ;) – as well as specifying that it must cause “significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational function”. Then Criteria C and D exclude symptoms of mood or psychotic disorders, and conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder.

So, that’s what DSM -IV says. What about DSM 5?

A. A persistent pattern of angry and irritable mood along with defiant and vindictive behavior as evidenced by four (or more) of the following symptoms being displayed with one or more persons other than siblings.

Angry/Irritable Mood

1. Loses temper

2. Is touchy or easily annoyed by others.

3. Is angry and resentful

Defiant/Headstrong Behavior

4. Argues with adults

5. Actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ request or rules

6. Deliberately annoys people

7. Blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior

Vindictiveness

8. Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past six months

B. (NOTE: UNDER CONSIDERATION) The persistence and frequency of these behaviors should be used to distinguish a behavior that is within normal limits from a behavior that is symptomatic to determine if they should be considered a symptom of the disorder. For children under 5 years of age, the behavior must occur on most days for a period of at least six months unless otherwise noted (see symptom #8). For individuals 5 years or older, the behavior must occur at least once per week for at least six months, unless otherwise noted (see symptom #8). While these frequency criteria provide a minimal level of frequency to define symptoms, other factors should also be considered such as whether the frequency and intensity of the behaviors are non-normative given the person’s developmental level, gender, and culture.

C. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, educational, or vocational activities.

D. The behaviors may be confined to only one setting or in more severe cases present in multiple settings.

So what do I think?

Honestly – it’s hard to see this as other than very value-laden, and drenched in a desire for “niceness”. I’ve written before about the psychopathologising of normal life, and this does seem to me to be an example. Yes there are kids – and adults – who manifest these behaviours. Yes they may well be in excess of the usual. Yes they may be self-destructive and problematic, and the rest of it. Yes there might well even be a role for some sort of psychological intervention or help. But psychiatric illness? I remain to be convinced.

However, as to concerns about medicating away difficult individuals, or legal/forensic ramifications – or comparisons with the dark days of Soviet psychiatry – that’s a few bridges too far. ODD really represents a description of a state rather than of an illness. “Here’s a difficult kid” sort of thing. It’s not, in my understanding …

… I was about to write that we wouldn’t tend to medicate it, but found this on PubMed:

CNS Drugs. 2009;23(1):1-17. doi: 10.2165/0023210-200923010-00001.

Psychopharmacological treatment of oppositional defiant disorder.
Turgay A.

Toronto ADHD Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Turgay@sympatico.ca

Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) consists of an enduring pattern of uncooperative, defiant and hostile behaviour toward authority figures that does not involve major antisocial violations and is not accounted for by the developmental stage of the child. The rate of ODD in children and adolescents in the general population has been reported to be between 2% and 16%. The International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) classifies ODD as a mild form of conduct disorder (CD), and it has been estimated that up to 60% of patients with ODD will develop CD. Therefore, ODD should be identified and treated as early and effectively as possible.In more than one-half of patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ODD is also part of the clinical picture. There is strong evidence in the literature to suggest that ODD and ADHD overlap; many medications that are used to treat ADHD may also be efficacious in the treatment of ODD. A few studies have reported the positive effects of psychostimulants or atomoxetine in the treatment of ODD associated with ADHD. Patients with ODD and CD with severe aggression may respond well to risperidone, with or without psychostimulants. Mood regulators, alpha(2)-agonists and antidepressants may also have a role as second-line agents in the treatment of ODD and its co-morbidities.

Seriously, if up to 1/6 of the population “have” something, it’s hard for me to see that it’s abnormal. The bahaviours shown in ODD, it’s pretty easy to see, are social and environmental in nature, and therefore require social and environmental changes to address the needs of the society – not throwing diagnoses and stimulants at young kids.

So. As I thought I probably would, I’ve ended up saying this diagnostic category is not a good thing. Not however because it could be used to keep the free-thinkers in line ;) but because it distracts from what is really underlying these kids’ problems, and detracts from any real interventions (social, and huge) that are what will change the situation. It seems to me that kids with “ODD” are really just a reflection of the inequities, injustice, and broken nature of our current societies. Until we address that, some kids will display behaviours sufficient to make this diagnosis (and then conduct disorder, and then antisocial personality disorder). Focussing on the kids themselves – and medicating them – will not help that overall, even if it does improve the behaviour and function of individual children.

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